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GENOCIDE IN IRAQ
The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds
A Middle East Watch Report
Human Rights Watch
New York · Washington · Los Angeles · London
Copyright © July 1993 by Human Rights Watch.
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Card Catalog Number: 93-79064
ISBN: 1-56432-108-8
Table of Contents
Preface
A Note on
Methodology
Introduction
Chapter One:
Ba'athis and Kurds
Kurdish Autonomy and Arabization
Exploiting Kurdish Divisions
1985-1987: Open War
Chapter Two:
Prelude to Anfal
The Chemical Threshold
The Spring 1987 Campaign: Village Destruction andResettlement
Early Uses of al-Majid's Special Powers
Orders for Mass Killing
Defining the "National Ranks": The Census of October 17, 1987
Chapter Three:
First Anfal: The Siege of Sergalou and Bergalou, February 23-March 19, 1988
The March 16 Chemical Attack on Halabja
The Fall of the PUK Headquarters
Chapter Four:
Second Anfal: Qara Dagh, March 22-April 1, 1988
The Exodus from Qara Dagh
Flight to Southern Germian
Chapter Five:
Third Anfal: Germian, April 7-20, 1988
The Plan of Campaign: (1) Tuz Khurmatu
The Plan of Campaign: (2) Qader Karam and Northern Germian
The Plan of Campaign: (3) Sengaw and Southern Germian
The Collection Points
The Ambiguous Role of the Jahsh
Chapter Six:
Fourth Anfal: The Valley of the Lesser Zab, May 3-8, 1988
The Chemical Attacks on Goktapa and Askar
The Anfal Dragnet: East of Taqtaq
The Shwan Area
Zbeida's Story
The Fourth Anfal Collection Points 18
Chapter Seven:
Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Anfals: The Mountain Valleys of Shaqlawa and Rawanduz,
May 15 -August 26, 1988
The PUK's Last Stand
Chapter Eight:
The Camps
The Popular Army Camp at Topzawa
The Popular Army Camp at Tikrit
The Prisoners from Bileh and Halabja
The Women's Prison at Dibs
A Prison Camp for the Elderly
Deaths at Nugra Salman
Chapter Nine:
The Firing Squads
Muhammad's Story
Ozer, Omar and Ibrahim
Mustafa's Story
Taymour's Story
Chapter Ten:
Final Anfal: Badinan, August 25-September 6, 1988
Badinan on the Eve of the Final Anfal
"Apples and Something Sweet": The Chemical Attacks of August 25 269
On-the-Spot Mass Executions
The Fort at Dohuk and the Women's Prison at Salamiyeh
Chapter
Eleven: The Amnesty and its Exclusions
Dispersal of the Camp Survivors
The Mujamma'a Dumping Operation
The Fate of the Christians and Yezidis
Chapter
Twelve: Aftermath
Continued Village Clearances
Continued Mass Killings: Yunis's Story
Continued Mass Killings: Hussein's Story
The End of the "Exceptional Situation"
Chapter
Thirteen: The Vanishing Trail
The Ba'ath Party: Alpha and Omega of the Anfal Campaign
Appendices
Appendix A:
The Ali Hassan al-Majid Tapes
Appendix B:
The Perpetrators of Anfal: A Road-Map to the Principal Agencies and Individuals
Appendix C:
Known Chemical Attacks in Iraqi Kurdistan, 1987-1988
Appendix D:
Sample Mass Disappearances During Anfal, by Region
Appendix E:
Glossary of Arabic and Kurdish Terms
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